Science Research Writing
Introduction
Generic model
Component 1: Begin
ESTABLISH THE IMPORTANCE OF THE TOPIC/FIELD
建立主题或领域的重要性
PROVIDE BACKGROUND FACTUAL INFORMATION
提供背景的事实性信息
PRESENT THE GENERAL PROBLEM AREA/CURRENT RESEARCH FOCUS
提出一般性的问题域或当前研究焦点
Component 2: Summary of current knowledge
This is generally in the Present Simple tense but may still need citation references.
PRESENT PREVIOUS AND/OR CURRENT RESEARCH AND CONTRIBUTIONS: the research 'map'
提出过去和/或当前研究及其贡献：研究脉络
Component 3: GAP or PROBLEM
LOCATE A GAP IN THE RESEARCH
定位研究中的gap
DESCRIBE THE PROBLEM YOU WILL ADDRESS
描述你希望解决的问题
PRESENT YOUR MOTIVATION AND/OR HYPOTHESIS
提出研究动机和/或研究假设
IDENTIFY A RESEARCH OPPORTUNITY
确立研究机遇
Component 4: End
DESCRIBE THE PRESENT PAPER, sometimes mentioning aims/results/methods/conclusions, and often including 'happy' words
描述本文，目标/结果/方法/结论
Language tips
ESTABLISHING SIGNIFICANCE (usually in the first sentence)
| (an) advantage | (a) primary cause (of) | (a) central problem | attracted (much) attention |
| (an) attractive approach | (a) (wide) range (of) | (a) challenging area | benefit/beneficial |
| (a) crucial issue | (a) rapid development | (a) considerable number | common/ly |
| (a) current challenge | (a) remarkable variety | (a) dramatic increase | cost-effective |
| (an) essential element | (a) significant increase | (a) focus on | during the past (two) decades |
| (a) fundamental issue | (a) striking feature | (a) global concern | emerging |
| (a) growth in popularity | (a) traditional technique | (a) increasing number | extensively studied |
| (an) interesting aspect | (a) useful method | (a) key technique | for many years |
| (a) leading cause (of) | (a) variety of | (a) number of | frequent/ly |
| (a) popular method | (a) vital aspect | (a) powerful tool/method | great potential |
| (a) worthwhile study | major | many/most | importance/important |
| multidisciplinary interest | much study in recent years | now | numerous investigations |
| of growing/great interest | often | play a key/major role (in) | principle |
| recent/ly | relevant | several | today |
| typical | valuable | well-documented | well-known |
| wide/ly | widespread | worldwide |
VERBS USED TO REFER TO/DESCRIBE RESEARCH ACTIVITY AND CONTRIBUTIONS IN PREVIOUS AND CURRENT RESEARCH
| achieve | address | analyse | apply |
| argue | assess | assume | attempt |
| calculate | categorise | create | deal with |
| define | demonstrate | describe | design |
| detect | determine | develop | discover |
| focus on | generate | identify | imply |
| improve | interpret | introduce | investigate |
| measure | mention | produce | propose |
| prove | provide | put forward | recognise |
| report | resolve | reveal | review |
| carry out | challenge | claim | clarify |
| collect | compare | conclude | conduct |
| confirm | consider | discuss | enhance |
| establish | estimate | evaluate | examine |
| explain | explore | extend | find |
| model | modify | monitor | note |
| observe | obtain | perform | point out |
| predict | present | revise | show |
| solve | state | study | suggest |
| support | test | use | verify |
GAP PROBLEM/CRITICISM
| absent | complicated | controversial | costly |
| deficient | disappointing | doubtful | expensive |
| false | far from (ideal) | fragile | hard to (detect) |
| impractical | inaccurate | inadequate | incapable (of) |
| incompatible | inconsistent | inconvenient | incorrect |
| ineffective | inefficient | inferior | inflexible |
| insufficient | misleading | not able to... | not ideal |
| not sufficiently... | not/no longer useful | of little value | over-simplistic |
| poor | problematic | restricted | severe |
| time-consuming | unable to | undesirable | unnecessary |
| unrealistic | unsatisfactory | unsuccessful | unsuitable |
| unsupported | (a) challenge | (a) defect | (a) difficulty |
| (a) disadvantage | (a) drawback | (a) flaw | (a) gap |
| (a) lack | (a) limitation | (an) obstacle | (a) problem |
| (a) risk | (a) shortcoming | (a) weakness | (to) be confined to |
| (to) fail to | (to) fall short of | (to) ignore | (to) lag behind |
| (to) miscalculate | (to) misjudge | (to) misunderstand | (to) neglect |
| (to) overlook | (to) suffer (from) |
GAP RESEARCH OPPORTUNITIES
| (an) alternative | (the) next step | (to) demand clarification | (to) need to re-examine |
| more work is needed | not addressed | not dealt with | not studied |
| (to) raise the question | (to) remain controversial | (to) remain unstudied | (to) require (clarification) |
| few studies have... | ideal candidate | incomplete | it is/seems possible that... |
| little evidence is available | little work has been done | not well understood | suggest/s that... |
| there is an urgent need... | to the best of our knowledge | unanswered | unclear |
| unexamined | unproven | unsolved |
THE PRESENT WORK
| (to) attempt | (to) compare | (to) concentrate (on) | (to) describe |
| (to) determine | (to) develop | (to) discuss | (to) enable |
| (to) enhance | (to) evaluate | (to) facilitate | (to) focus on |
| (to) identify | (to) improve | (to) investigate | (to) offer |
| (to) outline | (to) predict | (to) present | (to) propose |
| (to) provide | (to) report | (to) reveal | (to) solve |
| (to) succeed | (is) organised as follows: | (is) set out as follows: | (our) approach |
| (the) present work | (this) paper | (this) project | (this) report |
| (this) section | (this) study | (this) work | aim |
| goal | intention | objective | purpose |
| able to | accurate | advantage | effective |
| efficient | excellent | fully | innovation |
| new | novel | potential | powerful |
| practical | promising | relevant | robust |
| simple | straightforward | successful | superior |
| unique | valuable |